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Bhāskara (c. 600 – c. 680) (commonly called Bhāskara I to avoid confusion with the 12th-century mathematician Bhāskara II) was a 7th-century mathematician and astronomer, who was the first to write numbers in the Hindu decimal system with a circle for the zero, and who gave a unique and remarkable rational approximation of the sine function in his commentary on Aryabhata's work.[3] This commentary, Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya, written in 629 CE, is among the oldest known prose works in Sanskrit on mathematics and astronomy. He also wrote two astronomical works in the line of Aryabhata's school, the Mahābhāskarīya and the Laghubhāskarīya.[4]

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Bhāskara I
Born	c. 600 CE possibly Saurāṣṭra(modern Gujarat state) or Aśmaka[1]
Died	c. 680 CE possibly Aśmaka(present-day in Telangana and Maharashtra).[2]
Nationality	Indian
Occupation	Mathematician; scientist
Known for	Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula

On 7 June 1979 the Indian Space Research Organisation launched Bhāskara I honouring the mathematician.[5]

Biography

Little is known about Bhāskara's life. He was probably an astronomer.[6] He was born in India in the 7th century. There are references to places in India in Bhāskara's writings. For example, he mentions Valabhi (today Vala), the capital of the Maitraka dynasty in the 7th century, and Sivarajapura, which were both in Saurastra, a region in the present day state of Gujarat in India on the west coast of the subcontinent. Also mentioned are Bharuch (or Broach) in southern Gujarat and Thanesar in the eastern Punjab which was ruled by Harsa for 41 years from 606. Harsa was the pre-eminent ruler in north India through the first half of Bhāskara I's life. A reasonable guess would be that Bhāskara was born in Saurastra and later moved to Asmaka.[7]

His astronomical education was given by his father. Bhāskara I is considered the most important scholar of Aryabhata's astronomical school. He and Brahmagupta are two of the most renowned Indian mathematicians who made considerable contributions to the study of fractions.

Representation of numbers

Bhāskara's probably most important mathematical contribution concerns the representation of numbers in a positional system. The first positional representations had been known to Indian astronomers approximately 500 years prior to this work. However, these numbers, prior to Bhāskara, were written not in figures but in words or allegories and were organized in verses. For instance, the number 1 was given as moon, since it exists only once; the number 2 was represented by wings, twins, or eyes since they always occur in pairs; the number 5 was given by the (5) senses. Similar to our current decimal system, these words were aligned such that each number assigns the factor of the power of ten correspondings to its position, only in reverse order: the higher powers were right from the lower ones.

His system is truly positional since the same words representing, can also be used to represent the values 40 or 400.[8] Quite remarkably, he often explains a number given in this system, using the formula ankair api ("in figures this reads"), by repeating it written with the first nine Brahmi numerals, using a small circle for the zero . Contrary to his word system, however, the figures are written in descending values from left to right, exactly as we do it today. Therefore, at least since 629, the decimal system is definitely known to the Indian scientists. Presumably, Bhāskara did not invent it, but he was the first having no compunctions to use the Brahmi numerals in a scientific contribution in Sanskrit.

Further contributions

Mathematics

Bhāskara wrote three astronomical contributions. In 629, he annotated the Aryabhatiya, written in verses, about mathematical astronomy. The comments referred exactly to the 33 verses dealing with mathematics. There he considered variable equations and trigonometric formulae.

His work Mahabhaskariya divides into eight chapters about mathematical astronomy. In chapter 7, he gives a remarkable approximation formula for sin x, that is

${\displaystyle \sin x\approx {\frac {16x(\pi -x)}{5\pi ^{2}-4x(\pi -x)}},\qquad (0\leq x\leq \pi )}$

which he assigns to Aryabhata. It reveals a relative error of less than 1.9% (the greatest deviation ${\displaystyle {\frac {16}{5\pi }}-1\approx 1.859\%}$ at ${\displaystyle x=0}$). Moreover, relations between sine and cosine, as well as between the sine of an angle >90° >180° or >270° to the sine of an angle <90° are given. Parts of Mahabhaskariya were later translated into Arabic.

Bhāskara already dealt with the assertion that if p is a prime number, then 1 + (p–1)! is divisible by p.^{[citation needed]} It was proved later by Al-Haitham, also mentioned by Fibonacci, and is now known as Wilson's theorem.

Moreover, Bhāskara stated theorems about the solutions of today so-called Pell equations. For instance, he posed the problem: "Tell me, O mathematician, what is that square which multiplied by 8 becomes - together with unity - a square?" In modern notation, he asked for the solutions of the Pell equation ${\displaystyle 8x^{2}+1=y^{2}}$. It has the simple solution x = 1, y = 3, or shortly (x,y) = (1,3), from which further solutions can be constructed, e.g., (x,y) = (6,17).

Bhāskara clearly believed that π was irrational and in support of Aryabhata's approximation to π, criticized its approximation to √10 (common among Jain mathematicians).[9]

He was the first mathematician to open discussion about quadrilaterals whose four sides are not equal with none of the opposite sides parallel.[10]

Astronomy

The Mahabhaskariya consists of eight chapters dealing with mathematical astronomy. The book deals with topics such as: the longitudes of the planets; association of the planets with each other and also with the bright stars; the lunar crescent; solar and lunar eclipses; and rising and setting of the planets.

See also

• Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula
• List of astronomers
• List of Indian mathematicians

References

Sources

(From Keller (2006a, p. xiii))

• M. C. Apaṭe. The Laghubhāskarīya, with the commentary of Parameśvara. Anandāśrama, Sanskrit series no. 128, Poona, 1946.
• v.harish Mahābhāskarīya of Bhāskarācārya with the Bhāṣya of Govindasvāmin and Supercommentary Siddhāntadīpikā of Parameśvara. Madras Govt. Oriental series, no. cxxx, 1957.
• K. S. Shukla. Mahābhāskarīya, Edited and Translated into English, with Explanatory and Critical Notes, and Comments, etc. Department of mathematics, Lucknow University, 1960.
• K. S. Shukla. Laghubhāskarīya, Edited and Translated into English, with Explanatory and Critical Notes, and Comments, etc., Department of mathematics and astronomy, Lucknow University, 2012.
• K. S. Shukla. Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa, with the commentary of Bhāskara I and Someśvara. Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New- Delhi, 1999.

Further reading

• H.-W. Alten, A. Djafari Naini, M. Folkerts, H. Schlosser, K.-H. Schlote, H. Wußing: 4000 Jahre Algebra. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 ISBN 3-540-43554-9, §3.2.1
• S. Gottwald, H.-J. Ilgauds, K.-H. Schlote (Hrsg.): Lexikon bedeutender Mathematiker. Verlag Harri Thun, Frankfurt a. M. 1990 ISBN 3-8171-1164-9
• G. Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. John Wiley & Sons, New York 2000 ISBN 0-471-39340-1
• Keller, Agathe (2006a), Expounding the Mathematical Seed. Vol. 1: The Translation: A Translation of Bhaskara I on the Mathematical Chapter of the Aryabhatiya, Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag, 172 pages, ISBN 3-7643-7291-5.
• Keller, Agathe (2006b), Expounding the Mathematical Seed. Vol. 2: The Supplements: A Translation of Bhaskara I on the Mathematical Chapter of the Aryabhatiya, Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag, 206 pages, ISBN 3-7643-7292-3.
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Bhāskara I", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews

На других языках

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[de] Bhaskara I.

Bhaskara, auch Bhaskara I., (* um 600 in Saurashtra ?, Gujarat; † um 680 in Ashmaka) war ein indischer Mathematiker und Astronom.

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- [en] Bhāskara I

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[es] Bhaskara I

Bhaskara o Bhaskara I (Saurastra, c. 600 - Ashmaka, c. 680) fue un matemático indio del siglo VII, que fue aparentemente el progenitor en escribir números en el sistema decimal indio-arábigo con un círculo para el cero y que dio una extraordinaria y única aproximación racional de la función seno en su comentario sobre el trabajo de Ariabhata.

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[it] Bhaskara I

Bhāskara (bengali: ভাস্কর; marathi: भास्कर, chiamato comunemente Bhāskara I per evitare confusione con il matematico del XII secolo Bhāskara II) (Kathiawar, ca. 600 – Assaka, ca. 680) è stato un astronomo e matematico indiano del VII secolo.

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[ru] Бхаскара I

Бха́скара (маратх. भास्कर, ок. 600 — ок. 680, обычно называемый Бхаскарой I, чтобы отличить его от другого индийского учёного, Бхаскары II, жившего в XII веке) — выдающийся индийский математик и астроном.

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