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Shen Kuo (chino: 沈括, pinyin: Shěn Kuò) (1031-1095) fue un polímata chino que fue físico, geólogo, astrónomo, agrónomo, embajador, general militar, matemático, cartógrafo, ingeniero hidráulico, meteorólogo, botánico, zoólogo, farmacólogo, autor, y burócrata del gobierno de la Dinastía Song (960-1279) en China. Shen Kuo vivió en Qiantang, el actual Hangzhou. En 1063, a la edad de 35 años, Shen Kuo pasó con éxito el examen imperial para el servicio del gobierno. Fue como embajador al Imperio Tangut y estuvo en las campañas militares llevadas contra ellos. Fue el administrador principal de la oficina de astronomía y canciller de la academia de Han-lin. También fue aliado político y confidente del canciller Wang Anshi y del emperador Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng; 1067-1085).

Shen Kuo
Información personal
Nacimiento	1031 Hangzhou (República Popular China)
Fallecimiento	1095 Zhenjiang (República Popular China)
Residencia	Hangzhou
Lengua materna	Chino
Familia
Padre	Shen Zhou
Información profesional
Ocupación	Físico, cartógrafo, matemático, astrónomo, poeta, ingeniero civil, diplomático, ingeniero, antropólogo, geólogo, político, filósofo, inventor, escritor, meteorólogo, farmacéutico, economista, astrólogo, erudito, botánico, zoólogo, entomólogo, geofísico y climatólogo
Área	Matemáticas, astronomía, meteorología, geología, zoología, botánica, farmacología, agronomía, etnografía y cartografía
Cargos ocupados	Embajador
Firma
[editar datos en Wikidata]

Shen Kuo fue el primero en describir la brújula magnética en su libro Mengxi Bitan.[1] Esto ocurría un siglo antes de que Alexander Neckham la describiera en Europa.[2][3] Hizo también una teoría geológica de la geomorfología observando los depósitos del barro, los fósiles de mar que se encontraban en las montañas, y los fósiles petrificados subterráneos de bambú encontrados en una región en la que no se desarrolla el bambú. Describió también el tipo móvil de impresión de arcilla, inventada por el artesano llamado Bi Sheng en los años 1041 y 1048. Mejoró las invenciones de la esfera armilar, del gnomon, y del reloj de clepsidra. Descubrió el concepto astronómico del norte verdadero,[3] y alegó, que el sol y la luna eran esféricos, no planos, empleando la observación del eclipse solar y el eclipse lunar. Hizo dos atlas, y creó una carta geográfica tridimensional. Fue también el primero en China en describir el dique seco para la reparación de barcos. Reformó el calendario chino con la base de unas observaciones astronómicas precisas que realizó durante meses.

Shen Kuo vivió al final de su vida varios años en aislamiento, en su casa que poseía un jardín que le servía de esparcimiento, cerca de Zhenjiang, provincia de Jiangsu. Su tumba se sitúa en la zona de Yuhang de Hangzhou, que recientemente por iniciativa del gobierno chino se ha reconstruido enteramente en septiembre del 2001.

Bibliografía

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• Fraser, Julius Thomas; Francis C. Haber. (1986). Time, Science, and Society in China and the West. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-495-1.

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• Hargett, James M. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279)," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) (julio de 1985): 67–93.

• Hartman, Charles. "Poetry and Politics in 1079: The Crow Terrace Poetry Case of Su Shih," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) 12, 1990: 15–44.

• Hartwell, Robert. "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry," The Journal of Economic History 26 (1) 1966: 29–58.

• Henderson, John B. "Ch'ing Scholars' Views of Western Astronomy," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46 (1) 1986): 121–148.

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• Huff, Toby E. (2003). The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52994-8.

• Hymes, Robert P. and Conrad Schirokauer (1993). Ordering the World: Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China. Berkeley: University of California Press.

• Katz, Victor J. (2007). The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11485-4.

• Kim, Yung Sik. (2000). The Natural Philosophy of Chu Hsi (1130–1200). DIANE Publishing. ISBN 0-87169-235-X.

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Véase también

• Historia de China
• Historia de la ciencia
• (2027) Shen Guo
• Ensayos del Estanque de los Sueños

Referencias

Enlaces externos

• Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Shen Kuo.
• https://web.archive.org/web/20070409190926/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/2003-09/24/content_72415.htm Shen Kuo at Chinaculture.org
• http://rosettastone.wordpress.com/2006/04/30/shen-kuos-bamboo-shoots/Shen (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última). Kuo s "Bamboo Shoots

На других языках

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[en] Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (Chinese: 沈括; 1031–1095) or Shen Gua, courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁),[1] was a Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman of the Song dynasty (960–1279). Excelling in many fields of study and statecraft, he was a mathematician, astronomer, antiquarian, meteorologist, geologist, entomologist, anatomist, climatologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, medical scientist, agronomist, archaeologist, ethnographer, cartographer, geomorphologist, geomagnetician, metallurgist, mineralogist, encyclopedist, military general, diplomat, hydraulic engineer, inventor, economist, academy chancellor, finance minister, governmental state inspector, philosopher, art critic, poet, and musician. He was the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy in the Song court, as well as an Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality.[2] At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the New Policies Group, headed by Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021–1085).

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- [es] Shen Kuo

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[it] Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo[1] (沈括S, Shěn KuòP, Shen K'uoW; Hangzhou, 1031 – Zhenjiang, 1095) è stato un geologo, astronomo, ambasciatore, matematico, cartografo, zoologo, botanico, generale, ingegnere idraulico, farmacologo cinese, nonché burocrate della dinastia Song (960-1279) in Cina.

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[ru] Шэнь Ко

Шэнь Ко, также Шэнь Куа[3] (кит. упр. 沈括, пиньинь Shěn Kuò, 1031—1095) — один из величайших китайских учёных, по многогранности сопоставимый с выдающимися универсалистами Ренессанса: область его деятельности охватывала математику, астрономию, метеорологию, геологию, зоологию, ботанику, фармакологию, агрономию, этнографию и картографию; помимо этого, Шэнь Ко проявил себя как дипломат, генерал, министр финансов, государственный инспектор, инженер в области гидромелиорации, изобретатель, поэт и музыкант.

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