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9994 Grotius /ˈɡroʊʃiəs/, provisional designation 4028 P-L, is a stony Rafita asteroid from the middle regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar–Leiden survey in 1960, and named after Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius.

9994 Grotius
Orbit of Grotius (blue), inner planets and Jupiter (outermost)
Discovery [1]
Discovered byC. J. van Houten
I. van Houten-G.
T. Gehrels
Discovery sitePalomar Obs.
Discovery date24 September 1960
Designations
MPC designation
(9994) Grotius
Pronunciation/ˈɡroʊʃiəs/[2]
Named after
Hugo Grotius
(Dutch jurist)[3]
Alternative designations
4028 P-L · 1981 WH9
Minor planet category
main-belt · (middle)
Rafita
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc55.59 yr (20,306 days)
Aphelion3.0391 AU
Perihelion2.1307 AU
Semi-major axis
2.5849 AU
Eccentricity0.1757
Orbital period (sidereal)
4.16 yr (1,518 days)
Mean anomaly
204.01°
Mean motion
0° 14m 13.92s / day
Inclination7.1806°
Longitude of ascending node
207.15°
Argument of perihelion
224.33°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions3.38 km (calculated)[4]
3.746±0.146 km[5][6]
Synodic rotation period
9.219±0.0067 h[7]
Geometric albedo
0.20 (assumed)[4]
0.263±0.040[5][6]
Spectral type
S [4]
Absolute magnitude (H)
14.2[5] · 14.273±0.007 (R)[7] · 14.3[1] · 14.48±0.45[8] · 14.72[4]

    Discovery


    Grotius was discovered on 24 September 1960, by the Dutch astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States.[9]


    Survey designation


    The survey designation "P-L" stands for Palomar–Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar–Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.[10]


    Orbit and classification


    Grotius orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,518 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar.[9]


    Rotation period


    In August 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Grotius was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 9.2189 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=2).[7]


    Diameter and albedo


    According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Grotius measures 3.746 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.263.[5][6] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.38 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.72.[4]


    Naming


    This minor planet was named for Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius (1583–1645), who laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law.[3] He was a child prodigy and entered Leiden University when he was just eleven years old. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 November 2000 (M.P.C. 41571).[11]


    References


    1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 9994 Grotius (4028 P-L)" (2016-04-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
    2. Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
    3. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(9994) Grotius". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (9994) Grotius. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 716. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_7782. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    4. "LCDB Data for (9994) Grotius". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 23 June 2017.
    5. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
    6. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 20. arXiv:1109.4096. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
    7. Waszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015). "Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (3): 35. arXiv:1504.04041. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
    8. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
    9. "9994 Grotius (4028 P-L)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
    10. "Minor Planet Discoverers". Minor Planet Center. 24 April 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
    11. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 23 June 2017.



    На других языках

    [de] (9994) Grotius

    (9994) Grotius ist ein Asteroid des mittleren Hauptgürtels. Er wurde am 24. September 1960 von dem niederländischen Astronomenehepaar Cornelis Johannes van Houten und Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld entdeckt. Die Entdeckung geschah im Rahmen des Palomar-Leiden-Surveys, bei dem von Tom Gehrels mit dem 120-cm-Oschin-Schmidt-Teleskop des Palomar-Observatoriums aufgenommene Feldplatten an der Universität Leiden durchmustert wurden.
    - [en] 9994 Grotius


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