This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.
Exoplanets confirmed or discovered from direct imaging
Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets
The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The lightest, coldest, and oldest planet directly imaged is Proxima Centauri c, which has seven times Earth's mass, an effective temperature of 39 K, and an age of about 4.8Ga.
This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.
Key
Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.
TLOCI = Template Locally Optimized Combination of Images
Exoplanets
Although listed in the table below, the identities of Fomalhaut b and Candidate 1 are disputed. They may not actually be true exoplanets.
†There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planets
Check https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.
Currie, Thayne; Lawson, Kellen; Schneider, Glenn; etal. (4 April 2022). "Images of embedded Jovian planet formation at a wide separation around AB Aurigae". Nature Astronomy. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. arXiv:2204.00633. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01634-x. ISSN2397-3366. S2CID247940163.
Currie, Thayne; etal. (2013). "A Combined Very Large Telescope and Gemini Study of the Atmosphere of the Directly Imaged Planet, β Pictoris b". The Astrophysical Journal. 776 (1): 15. arXiv:1306.0610. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776...15C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/15. ISSN0004-637X. S2CID118825345.
Morzinski; etal. (2015). "Magellan Adaptive Optics First-light Observations of the Exoplanet β Pic b. II. 3-5 μm Direct Imaging with MagAO+Clio, and the Empirical Bolometric Luminosity of a Self-luminous Giant Planet". The Astrophysical Journal. 815 (2): 108. arXiv:1511.02894. Bibcode:2015ApJ...815..108M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/108. S2CID118559024.
Miles-Páez, Paulo A.; Metchev, Stanimir; Luhman, Kevin L.; Marengo, Massimo; Hulsebus, Alan (2017). "The Prototypical Young L/T-Transition Dwarf HD 203030B Likely Has Planetary Mass". The Astronomical Journal. 154 (6): 262. arXiv:1710.11274. Bibcode:2017AJ....154..262M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9711. S2CID67821107.
Deacon, N. R.; Schlieder, J. E.; Murphy, S. J. (2016-02-23). "A nearby young M dwarf with a wide, possibly planetary-mass companion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457 (3): 3191–3199. arXiv:1601.06162. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457.3191D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw172. hdl:2299/17156. ISSN0035-8711. S2CID18220333.
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