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NGC 2346 is a planetary nebula near the celestial equator in the constellation of Monoceros,[5] less than a degree to the ESE of Delta Monocerotis.[6] It is informally known as the Butterfly Nebula.[3] The nebula is bright and conspicuous with a visual magnitude of 9.6,[3] and has been extensively studied. Among its most remarkable characteristics is its unusually cool central star, which is a spectroscopic binary, and its unusual shape.

For other uses of "Butterfly Nebula", see Butterfly Nebula (disambiguation).
NGC 2346
Emission nebula
Planetary nebula
NGC 2346 imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope
Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension07h 09m 22.52166s[1]
Declination−00° 48′ 23.6112″[1]
Distance4,760 ly (1,458 pc)[1][2] ly
Apparent magnitude (V)9.6[3]
Apparent dimensions (V)0.91′[4]
ConstellationMonoceros
Physical characteristics
Radius2 ly
DesignationsButterfly Nebula, Bug Nebula[3]
See also: Lists of nebulae

The nebular is bipolar in form, with modest outflow velocities in the range of 8–11 km/s, while the center is girded by an expanding belt of molecular gas. The electron density of the nebula is on the order of 400 per cubic centimeter. The ionization of the nebula is the result of ultraviolet emission from the binary companion.[7] The stronger infrared emission from molecular emission is coming from the belt, which is expanding at the rate of 16 km/s. The mass of the molecular gas in the nebula is estimated to be in the range of 0.34–1.85 M☉, and is much greater than the mass of the ionized gas.[8]

The central star is a binary star consisting of an A-type subgiant and a subdwarf O star.[9] The system, which has an orbital period of 16.00±0.03 days,[2] is also variable,[10] probably due to dust in orbit around it. The dust itself is heated by the central star and so NGC 2346 is unusually bright in the infrared part of the spectrum. When one of the two stars evolved into a red giant, it engulfed its companion, which stripped away a ring of material from the larger star's atmosphere. When the red giant's core was exposed, a fast stellar wind inflated two ‘bubbles’ from either side of the ring.




References


  1. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (August 2018). "Gaia Data Release 2: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 616. A1. arXiv:1804.09365. Bibcode:2018A&A...616A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833051. Gaia DR2 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. Brown, Alex J.; Jones, David; Boffin, Henri M. J.; Van Winckel, Hans (February 2019). "On the post-common-envelope central star of the planetary nebula NGC 2346". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 482 (4): 4951–4955. arXiv:1810.09764. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.482.4951B. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2986.
  3. Jenkins, D. A. (July 28, 2015). First Light and Beyond: Making a Success of Astronomical Observing. Springer International Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 9783319188515.
  4. Stanghellini, Letizia; et al. (December 10, 2008). "The Magellanic Cloud Calibration of the Galactic Planetary Nebula Distance Scale". The Astrophysical Journal. 689 (1): 194–202. arXiv:0807.1129. Bibcode:2008ApJ...689..194S. doi:10.1086/592395.
  5. "NGC 2346: A Butterfly-Shaped Planetary Nebula". Astronomy Picture of the Day. October 28, 2001. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  6. Sinnott, Roger W.; Perryman, Michael A. C. (1997). Millennium Star Atlas. Vol. 1. Sky Publishing Corporation and the European Space Agency. p. 249. ISBN 0-933346-84-0.
  7. Phillips, J. P.; Cuesta, L. (January 2000). "Extinction Mapping of the Bipolar Outflow NGC 2346". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (1): 335–341. Bibcode:2000AJ....119..335P. doi:10.1086/301170.
  8. Arias, L.; et al. (December 2001). "Kinematics of the Molecular Hydrogen from the Planetary Nebula NGC 2346". The Astronomical Journal. 122 (6): 3293–3304. Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3293A. doi:10.1086/324446.
  9. González-Santamaría, I.; Manteiga, M.; Manchado, A.; Ulla, A.; Dafonte, C.; López Varela, P. (2021). "Planetary nebulae in Gaia EDR3: Central star identification, properties, and binarity". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 656: A51. arXiv:2109.12114. Bibcode:2021A&A...656A..51G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141916. S2CID 237940344.
  10. Samus', N. N; Kazarovets, E. V; Durlevich, O. V; Kireeva, N. N; Pastukhova, E. N (2017). "General catalogue of variable stars". Astronomy Reports. 5.1. 61 (1): 80. Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085.



На других языках

[de] NGC 2346

NGC 2346 ist ein planetarischer Nebel im Sternbild Einhorn südlich des Himmelsäquators, welcher 2.000 Lichtjahre von der Erde entfernt ist. NGC 2346 stammt von dem Doppelsternsystem HD 293373. Die beiden Sterne umrunden sich alle 16 Tage.
- [en] NGC 2346

[es] NGC 2346

NGC 2346 es una nebulosa planetaria en la constelación de Monoceros, el unicornio, distante unos 2000 años luz de la Tierra.[1] Por su forma característica recibe el nombre de Mariposa NGC 2346, siendo Nebulosa Mariposa un sobrenombre utilizado para diferentes nebulosas cuya forma recuerda las alas de este insecto. Con un telescopio de aficionado resulta un objeto grande pero tenue, por lo que es recomendable el uso de un filtro para nebulosas.[2] NGC 2346 fue descubierta por William Herschel en 1785.

[ru] NGC 2346

NGC 2346 (другое обозначение — PK 215+3.1) — планетарная туманность в созвездии Единорог. Центральная звезда является очень тесной парой звезд, обращающихся вокруг друг друга с периодом 16 дней. Туманность необычно ярка в инфракрасной части спектра.


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