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AF Andromedae (AF And) is a luminous blue variable (LBV), a type of variable star. The star is one of the most luminous variables in M31, the Andromeda Galaxy.

AF Andromedae
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Andromeda
Right ascension 00h 43m 33.086s[1]
Declination +41° 49′ 10.31″[1]
Characteristics
Spectral type LBV
U−B color index ~ −0.9[2]
B−V color index ~ +0.1[2]
Variable type LBV[3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−152±9[4] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 0.088[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −0.076[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)−0.0026 ± 0.0674 mas
Distance~2.5Mly ly
(~780kpc pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)−8.2[5]
Details
Mass50-120[6] M☉
Radius63[3] R☉
Luminosity1,500,000[5] L☉
Temperature33,000±3,000 K (normal)
7,000 (outburst)[7] K
Other designations
AF Andromedae, AF And, HV 4013, 2MASS 00433308+4112103, Var 19
Database references
SIMBADdata

Discovery


The star was discovered to be variable in 1927, with a photographic magnitude range of 15.3 to 16.5, at the Harvard College Observatory and designated HV 4013. It was considered to be the brightest variable star in M31[8][9] Two years later it was given the variable star designation AF Andromedae.[10] Between 1917 and 1953, five or six major eruptions were detected and two or three minor ones. More eruptions were observed in 1970-74, 1987-92, 1998-2001, [7] and 2017.[11]

AF And was often referred to as var 19, after its number in a Hubble list of variable stars in M31 and M33. It was identified as one of the five Hubble–Sandage variables: Var A, Var B, Var C, and Var 2 in M33, and Var 19 in M31.[12][13][14] On the basis of color–color comparisons, it was assigned as spectral type B and described as related to the P Cygni variables. Observations from 1960 to 1970 showed irregular variations in the B (blue) magnitude between 15.5 and 17.6, with visual magnitudes somewhat brighter.[12] The first detailed spectrum was published in 1975.[4]


Spectrum


AF And in outbursts has a peculiar emission line spectrum described as very much like Eta Carinae, likely due to a dense stellar wind.[4] When quiescent, the spectrum is similar to late Of or WN stars.[15]

AF And has prominent allowed and forbidden FeII and hydrogen lines in its emission spectrum, as well as weaker HeI lines. The variability and lack of absorption lines defy a normal spectral classification, but it was suggested that it may be close to class A.[4]

The 250.7 nm FeII line is unusually strong in emission. The same feature in Eta Carinae's spectrum has been attributed to a UV laser.[15]


Properties


AF And was the brightest star in M31 when it was first noticed during an outburst, at an apparent magnitude around 15, over a million times more luminous than the Sun. Newer calculations give a luminosity slightly less than a million times that of the Sun.

The star's mass has not been calculated explicitly, but this type of star is massive, typically 50–120 M☉.[6]


See also



References


  1. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. Humphreys, R. M.; Blaha, C.; d'Odorico, S.; Gull, T. R.; Benvenuti, P. (1984). "IUE and ground-based observations of the Hubble-Sandage variables in M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 278: 124. Bibcode:1984ApJ...278..124H. doi:10.1086/161774.
  3. Szeifert, T.; Humphreys, R. M.; Davidson, K.; Jones, T. J.; Stahl, O.; Wolf, B.; Zickgraf, F.-J. (1996). "HST and groundbased observations of the 'Hubble-Sandage' variables in M 31 and M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 314: 131. Bibcode:1996A&A...314..131S.
  4. Humphreys, R. M. (1975). "The spectra of AE Andromedae and the Hubble-Sandage variables in M31 and M33". Astrophysical Journal. 200: 426. Bibcode:1975ApJ...200..426H. doi:10.1086/153806.
  5. Humphreys, Roberta M.; Davidson, Kris; Hahn, David; Martin, John C.; Weis, Kerstin (2017). "Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. V. The Upper HR Diagram". The Astrophysical Journal. 844 (1): 40. arXiv:1707.01916. Bibcode:2017ApJ...844...40H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7cef. S2CID 119357524.
  6. Burggraf, B.; Weis, K.; Bomans, D. J. (2006). "LBVs in M33: Their Environments and Ages". Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity: Mass Loss. 353: 245. Bibcode:2006ASPC..353..245B.
  7. Joshi, Yogesh C.; Sharma, Kaushal; Gangopadhyay, Anjasha; Gokhale, Rishikesh; Misra, Kuntal (2019). "A Long-term Photometric Variability and Spectroscopic Study of Luminous Blue Variable AF and in M31". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (5): 175. arXiv:1908.01893. Bibcode:2019AJ....158..175J. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab39e9. S2CID 199452971.
  8. Luyten, W. J. (1927). "Two New Variables in the Region of the Andromeda Nebula". Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. 851: 4. Bibcode:1927BHarO.851R...4L.
  9. Luyten, W. J. (1928). "A New Variable in the Andromeda Nebula, H.V. 4476". Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. 859 (859): 1. Bibcode:1928BHarO.859....1L.
  10. Guthnick, P.; Prager, R. (1929). "Benennung von veränderlichen Sternen". Astronomische Nachrichten. 234 (20): 377. Bibcode:1929AN....234..377G. doi:10.1002/asna.19282342002.
  11. Martin, John C.; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Hornoch, Kamil (2017). "AF and - an LBV/S Dor Variable in Outburst". The Astronomer's Telegram. 10383: 1. Bibcode:2017ATel10383....1M.
  12. Sharov, A. S. (1973). "Bright variable stars in the Andromeda M31 and Triangulum M33 nebulae". Perem. Zvezdy. 19: 3. Bibcode:1973PZ.....19....3S.
  13. Humphreys, R. M. (1978). "Luminous variable stars in M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 219: 445. Bibcode:1978ApJ...219..445H. doi:10.1086/155797.
  14. Hubble, Edwin; Sandage, Allan (1953). "The Brightest Variable Stars in Extragalactic Nebulae. I. M31 and M33". Astrophysical Journal. 118: 353. Bibcode:1953ApJ...118..353H. doi:10.1086/145764.
  15. Humphreys, Roberta M.; Weis, Kerstin; Davidson, Kris; Bomans, D. J.; Burggraf, Birgitta (2014). "Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. II. Luminous Blue Variables, Candidate LBVs, Fe II Emission Line Stars, and Other Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal. 790 (1): 48. arXiv:1407.2259. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790...48H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/48. S2CID 119177378.

На других языках

- [en] AF Andromedae

[ru] AF Андромеды

AF Андромеды (лат. AF Andromedae) — одиночная переменная звезда[6][7][8][9][10] в созвездии Андромеды на расстоянии приблизительно 2,2 млн световых лет (около 675 тыс. парсеков) от Солнца. Видимая звёздная величина звезды — от +17,6m до +15,4m[11].


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