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HD1 is a proposed high-redshift galaxy, and is considered, as of April 2022, to be one of the earliest and most distant known galaxies yet identified in the observable universe. The galaxy, with an estimated redshift of approximately z = 13.27, is seen as it was about 324 million years after the Big Bang, 13.787 billion years ago.[6] It has a light-travel distance (lookback time) of 13.463 billion light-years from Earth, and, due to the expansion of the universe, a present proper distance of 33.288 billion light-years.[5]

"HD1" and "HD2" redirect here. For other uses, see HD1 (disambiguation) and HD2 (disambiguation).

HD1
Three-color image of HD1, the most distant galaxy candidate to date (13.5 billion light years), created using data from the VISTA telescope in Paranal Observatory. The red object in the center of the zoom-in image is HD1.[1]
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationSextans[2][3]
Right ascension10h 01m 51.31s[2]
Declination02° 32′ 50.0″[2]
Redshift13.27[2]
Distance
  • ≈33.288 billion ly (10.206 billion pc)
       (present proper distance)[4]
  • ≈13.4418 billion ly (4.1213 billion pc)
       (light-travel distance)[4][5]

Discovery


The discovery of the proposed high-redshift galaxy HD1 (RA:10:01:51.31 DEC:+02:32:50.0) in the Sextans constellation,[2][3] along with another high-redshift galaxy, HD2 (RA:02:18:52.44 DEC:-05:08:36.1) in the Cetus constellation,[2][3] was reported by astronomers at the University of Tokyo on 7 April 2022. These two galaxies were found in two patches of sky surveyed by the Cosmic Evolution Survey and by the Subaru Telescope in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey Field respectively. They were found by looking for objects that are much brighter in the so-called K band of infrared than in the H band (around 1.6 microns), which could indicate a Lyman-break galaxy red-shifted by a factor of around 13. For this reason they were named "HD 1" and "HD 2" (for "H band dropout", not to be confused with stars HD 1 and HD 2 in the Henry Draper Catalog.[citation needed]


Physical properties


HD1 is one of the earliest and most distant known galaxies yet identified in the observable universe, having a spectroscopic redshift of z = 13.27, meaning that the light from the galaxy travelled for 13.5 billion years on its way to Earth, which due to the expansion of the universe, corresponds to a proper distance of approximately 33.4 billion light-years (10.2 billion parsecs).[1][2][4][7][8][9] The observed position of HD1 was determined to be about 330 million years after the Big Bang.[10] Another similar high-redshift galaxy, HD2, was determined to be nearly as far away as HD1.[11]

HD1's unusually high brightness has been an open question for its discoverers; it has a significantly more luminous ultraviolet emission than similar galaxies at its redshift range. Possible explanations have been proposed, one being that it is an active Lyman-break galaxy, or a rather extreme starburst galaxy producing stars at a rate far higher than any previously observed. It is also considered that it may have a significant population of Population III stars that are far more massive and luminous than present-day stars.[12] Another scenario is that it may be a quasar hosting a supermassive black hole; such a scenario would put constraints on models of black hole growth in such an early stage of the universe. A resolution to the true nature of the galaxy would likely await confirmations from the James Webb Space Telescope.[13]

The previous farthest known galaxy, GN-z11, discovered in 2015, had a redshift of 11, suggesting that the observed position of the galaxy is about 420 million years after the Big Bang.[11]


Future considerations


According to the discoverers of HD1 and HD2, "If spectroscopically confirmed, these two sources [ie, HD1 and HD2] will represent a remarkable laboratory to study the Universe at previously inaccessible redshifts."[7] The researchers expect even further clarification of the astronomical objects, including better identifying the objects as galaxies, or, possibly as quasars or black holes, when carefully examined by the James Webb Space Telescope, Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, and GREX-PLUS space missions.[2] HD1, on close examination, may also reveal the first visible Population III stars, due to its very early age.[13] In addition, the researchers claim that the use of the new upcoming space telescopes could help discover over 10,000 galaxies at this early epoch of the Universe.[11]

An early galaxy candidate (at z=13.3) and the History of the Universe (logarithmic scale; (7 April 2022)[1][Compare: Nature timeline - History of the Universe (linear scale)]
An early galaxy candidate (at z=13.3) and the History of the Universe (logarithmic scale; (7 April 2022)[1]
[Compare: Nature timeline - History of the Universe (linear scale)]

See also



References


  1. Lira, Nicolás; Iono, Daisuke; Oliver, Amy c.; Ferreira, Bárbara (7 April 2022). "Astronomers Detect Most Distant Galaxy Candidate Yet". Atacama Large Millimeter Array. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  2. Harikane, Yuichi; et al. (2 February 2022). "A Search for H-Dropout Lyman Break Galaxies at z~12-16". arXiv:2112.09141 [astro-ph.GA].
  3. Staff (2008). "Finding the constellation which contains given sky coordinates". DJM.cc. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  4. Crane, Leah (7 April 2022). "Astronomers have found what may be the most distant galaxy ever seen – A galaxy called HD1 appears to be about 33.4 billion light years away, making it the most distant object ever seen – and its extreme brightness is puzzling researchers". New Scientist. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  5. Kempner, Joshua (2022). "KEMPNER Cosmology Calculator". Kempner.net. Retrieved 6 August 2022. KEMP Cosmology Calculator - Set H0=67.4 and OmegaM=0.315 (see Table/Planck2018 at "Lambda-CDM model#Parameters")
  6. Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 641. page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column). arXiv:1807.06209. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. S2CID 119335614.
  7. Pacucci, Fabio; et al. (7 April 2022). "Are the newly-discovered z ∼ 13 drop-out sources starburst galaxies or quasars?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac035. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  8. Buongiorno, Caitlyn (7 April 2022). "Astronomers discover the most distant galaxy yet - Unusually bright in ultraviolet light, HD1 may also set another cosmic record". Astronomy. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  9. Wenz, John (7 April 2022). "Behold! Astronomers May Have Discovered The Most Distant Galaxy Ever – HD1 could be from just 300 million years after the Big Bang". Inverse. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  10. Carter, Jamie (7 April 2022). "Meet HD1, The New Most Distant Galaxy Found 13.5 Billion Years Back In Time And Close To The 'Big Bang'". Forbes News. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  11. Carlisle, Camille M. (7 April 2022). "Are These The Most Distant Galaxies Yet Seen? – Two fuzzy red objects in the early universe may be galaxies shining at us from only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  12. BBC News Staff (10 April 2022). "Astronomers spot oldest and most distant galaxy, new study claims". BBC News. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  13. Overbye, Dennis (7 April 2022). "Astronomers Find What Might Be the Most Distant Galaxy Yet – Is the object a galaxy of primordial stars or a black hole knocking on the door of time? The Webb space telescope may help answer that question". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2022.



На других языках

- [en] HD1 (galaxy)

[es] HD1 (galaxia)

HD1 es una supuesta galaxia ubicada en la constelación de Sextans, tiene un alto corrimiento al rojo, y, que se considera desde de abril de 2022, como la galaxia conocida más antigua y más distante identificada hasta ahora dentro del universo observable, visto que se formó solo unos 330 millones de años después del Big Bang, es decir, hace 13.800 millones de años, se encuentra a una distancia de 13.500 millones de años luz desde la Tierra y, debido a la expansión métrica del universo, una distancia comóvil de 33.400 millones de años luz.

[ru] HD1

HD1 — галактика в созвездии Секстанта, которая является самой удалённой от Земли и наиболее ранней (с момента Большого взрыва) галактикой из известных науке по состоянию на апрель 2022 года. Обнаружена астрономами Японии, Великобритании, Нидерландов и США при обработке наблюдений космического телескопа Спитцер и наземных телескопов Субару, VISTA[en], UK Infrared Telescope, продолжавшихся около 1200 часов. Сообщение об открытии опубликовано в архиве препринтов 16 декабря 2021 года[5]. По данным спектроскопии её красное смещение (.mw-parser-output .ts-math{white-space:nowrap;font-family:times,serif,palatino linotype,new athena unicode,athena,gentium,code2000;font-size:120%}z) составляет 13,27, что соответствует сопутствующему расстоянию в 13,5 млрд световых лет[1] и собственному расстоянию в 33,4 млрд световых лет от Земли[6][7][5][8][9][10][11]. Предполагается, что галактика HD1 появилась через 330 млн лет после Большого взрыва. Также была обнаружена галактика HD2 (в созвездии Кита), которая находится почти так же далеко как и HD1[8][9]. Ранее с 2016 по 2022 год самой удалённой из известных галактик была GN-z11 с красным смещением 11,09[8]. Согласно первооткрывателям, если данные спектроскопии будут подтверждены, оба источника (HD1 и HD2) станут ценным источником знаний о Вселенной на ранее недоступных параметрах красных смещений[7]. Исследователи ожидают более подробного изучения галактики после начала работы космических телескопов «Джеймс Уэбб», «Нэнси Грейс Роман» и GREX-PLUS[5]. Исследователи предполагают, что в галактике HD1 могут быть обнаружены первые видимые звёзды населения III, то есть первое поколение звёзд после Большого взрыва[9][8].


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