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Thābit ibn Qurra (full name: Abū al-Ḥasan ibn Zahrūn al-Ḥarrānī al-Ṣābiʾ, Arabic: أبو الحسن ثابت بن قرة بن زهرون الحراني الصابئ, Latin: Thebit/Thebith/Tebit);[2] 826 or 836 – February 19, 901,[3] was a mathematician, physician, astronomer, and translator who lived in Baghdad in the second half of the ninth century during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Thābit ibn Qurra
Born210-211 AH/220-221 AH / 826 or 836 AD
Harran, the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) (now in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey)
DiedWednesday, 26 Safar, 288 AH / February 19, 901 AD
Baghdad (now Iraq)
Academic background
InfluencesBanu Musa, Archimedes, Apollonius, Nicomachus, Euclid
Academic work
EraIslamic Golden Age
Main interestsMathematics, Mechanics, Astronomy, Astrology, Translation, Number theory
Notable ideas
  • Early reformer of the Ptolemaic system
  • A founder of statics
  • Length of the sidereal year
InfluencedAl-Khazini, Al-Isfizari, Na'im ibn Musa[1]

Thābit ibn Qurrah made important discoveries in algebra, geometry, and astronomy. In astronomy, Thābit is considered one of the first reformers of the Ptolemaic system, and in mechanics he was a founder of statics.[4]


Biography


Al-Jazira region and its subdivisions (Diyar Bakr, Diyar Mudar, and Diyar Rabi'a) during the Abbasid Caliphate
Al-Jazira region and its subdivisions (Diyar Bakr, Diyar Mudar, and Diyar Rabi'a) during the Abbasid Caliphate

Thābit was born in Harran in Upper Mesopotamia, which at the time was part of the Diyar Mudar subdivision of the al-Jazira region of the Abbasid Caliphate. Thābit belonged to the Sabians of Harran, a Hellenized Semitic polytheistic astral religion that still existed in ninth-century Harran.[5] He originally was a money changer in a marketplace in Harran, before going to Baghdad.[6]

Thābit and his pupils lived in the midst of the most intellectually vibrant, and probably the largest, city of the time, Baghdad. Thābit came to Baghdad in the first place to work for the Banū Mūsā becoming a part of their circle and helping them translate Greek mathematical texts.[7] What is unknown is how Banū Mūsā and Thābit occupied himself with mathematics, astronomy, astrology, magic, mechanics, medicine, and philosophy. Later in his life, Thābit's patron was the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid (reigned 892902), whom he became a court astronomer for.[7] Thābit became the Caliph's personal friend and courtier. Thābit died in Baghdad in 901. His son, Sinan ibn Thabit and grandson, Ibrahim ibn Sinan would also make contributions to the medicine and science.[8] By the end of his life, Thābit had managed to write 150 works on mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.[9] With all the work done by Thābit, most of his work has not lasted time. There are less than a dozen works by him that have survived.[8]


Translation


Pages from Thābit's Arabic translation of Apollonius' Conics
Pages from Thābit's Arabic translation of Apollonius' Conics

Thābit's native language was Syriac,[10] which was the Middle Aramaic variety from Edessa, and he was fluent in both Medieval Greek and Arabic.[11] He was the author to multiple treaties. Due to him being trilingual, Thābit was able to have a major role during the Graeco-Arabic translation movement.[8] He would also make a school of translation in Baghdad.[9]

Thābit translated from Greek into Arabic works by Apollonius of Perga, Archimedes, Euclid and Ptolemy. He revised the translation of Euclid's Elements of Hunayn ibn Ishaq. He also rewrote Hunayn's translation of Ptolemy's Almagest and translated Ptolemy's Geography.Thābit's translation of a work by Archimedes which gave a construction of a regular heptagon was discovered in the 20th century, the original having been lost.[citation needed]


Astronomy


Thābit is believed to have been an astronomer of Caliph Al-Mu'tadid.[12] Thābit was able to use his mathematical work on the examination of Ptolemaic astronomy.[8] The medieval astronomical theory of the trepidation of the equinoxes is often attributed to Thābit.[citation needed] But it had already been described by Theon of Alexandria in his comments of the Handy Tables of Ptolemy. According to Copernicus, Thābit determined the length of the sidereal year as 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 12 seconds (an error of 2 seconds). Copernicus based his claim on the Latin text attributed to Thābit. Thābit published his observations of the Sun.[citation needed] In regards to Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses, Thābit examined the problems of the motion of the sun and moon, and the theory of sundials.[8] When looking at Ptolemy's Hypotheses, Thābit ibn Qurra found the Sidereal year which is when looking at the Earth and measuring it against the background of fixed stars, it will have a constant value.[13]

Thābit was also an author and wrote De Anno Solis. This book contained and recorded facts about the evolution in astronomy in the ninth century.[12] Thābit mentioned in the book that Ptolemy and Hipparchus believed that the movement of stars is consistent with the movement commonly found in planets. What Thābit believed is that this idea can be broadened to include the Sun and moon.[12] With that in mind, he also thought that the solar year should be calculated by looking at the sun's return to a given star.[12]


Mathematics


In mathematics, Thābit derived an equation for determining amicable numbers. His proof of this rule is presented in the Treatise on the Derivation of the Amicable Numbers in an Easy Way.[14] This was done while writing on the theory of numbers, extending their use to describe the ratios between geometrical quantities, a step which the Greeks did not take. Thābit's work on amicable numbers and number theory helped him to invest more heavily into the Geometrical relations of numbers establishing his Transversal (geometry) theorem.[9][14]

He is known for having calculated the solution to a chessboard problem involving an exponential series.[15]

He computed the volume of the paraboloid.[16]

He also described a generalization of Pythagoras' theorem.[17] He was able to provide proof of the theorem through dissection.[9] Thābit's contributions included proof of the Pythagoras' theorem and Euclid's fifth postulate.[8] In regards to the Pythagorean Theorem, Thābit used a method reduction and composition to find proof.[18] In regards to Euclid postulates, Thābit believed that geometry should be based on motion and more generally, physics.[19] With that in mind, his argument was that geometry was tied with the equality and differences of magnitudes of such things like lines and angles.[19] He would also write commentary for Archimedes's Liber Assumpta.[9]


Physics


In physics, Thābit rejected the Peripatetic and Aristotelian notions of a "natural place" for each element. He instead proposed a theory of motion in which both the upward and downward motions are caused by weight, and that the order of the universe is a result of two competing attractions (jadhb): one of these being "between the sublunar and celestial elements", and the other being "between all parts of each element separately".[20] and in mechanics he was a founder of statics.[21] In addition, Thābit's Liber Karatonis contained proof of the law of the lever. This work was the result of combining Aristotelian and Archimedean ideas of dynamics and mechanics.[9]

One of Qurra's most important pieces of text is his work with the Kitab fi 'l-qarastun. This text consists of Arabic mechanical tradition.[22] Another piece of important text is Kitab fi sifat alqazn, which discussed concepts of equal-armed balance. Qurra was reportedly one of the first to write about the concept of equal-armed balance or at least to systematize the treatment.

Qurra sought to establish a relationship between forces of motion and the distance traveled by the mobile.[22]


Works


Only a few of Thābit's works are preserved in their original form.


Eponyms



See also



References


  1. Panza, Marco (2008). "The Role of Algebraic Inferences in Na'īm Ibn Mūsā's Collection of Geometrical Propositions". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy. 18 (2): 165–191. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.491.4854. doi:10.1017/S0957423908000532. S2CID 73620948.
  2. For the Arabic name, see Rashed & Morelon 1960–2007; for the nisba al-Ṣābiʾ applied as a family name, see De Blois 1960–2007; for the Latin name, see Latham 2003, p. 403.
  3. Rashed 2009b, pp. 23–24; Holme 2010.
  4. Holme 2010.
  5. De Blois 1960–2007; Hämeen-Anttila 2006, p. 43, note 112; Van Bladel 2009, p. 65; Rashed 2009a, p. 646; Rashed 2009b, p. 21; Roberts 2017, pp. 253, 261–262. Some scholars have also suggested that he adhered to Mandaeism, a Gnostic baptist sect whose members were likewise called 'Sabians' (see Drower 1960, pp. 111–112; Nasoraia 2012, p. 39).
  6. Gingerich 1986; Rashed & Morelon 1960–2007.
  7. "Thābit ibn Qurrah | Arab mathematician, physician, and philosopher". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  8. "Thabit ibn Qurra". islamsci.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  9. Shloming, Robert (1970). "Thabit Ibn Qurra and the Pythagorean Theorem". The Mathematics Teacher. 63 (6): 519–528. doi:10.5951/MT.63.6.0519. ISSN 0025-5769. JSTOR 27958444.
  10. Rashed & Morelon 1960–2007; "Thabit biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. The sect, with strong Greek connections, had in earlier times adopted Greek culture, and it was common for members to speak Greek although after the conquest of the Sabians by Islam, they became Arabic speakers. There was another language spoken in southeastern Turkey, namely Syriac, which was based on the East Aramaic dialect of Edessa. This language was Thābit ibn Qurra's native language, but he was fluent in both Greek and Arabic.
  11. Rashed & Morelon 1960–2007.
  12. Carmody, Francis J. (1955). "Notes on the Astronomical Works of Thabit b. Qurra". Isis. 46 (3): 235–242. doi:10.1086/348408. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 226342. S2CID 143097606.
  13. Cohen, H. Floris (2010). "Greek Nature-Knowledge Transplanted". GREEK NATURE-KNOWLEDGE TRANSPLANTED:: THE ISLAMIC WORLD. How Modern Science Came into the World. Four Civilizations, One 17th-Century Breakthrough. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 53–76. doi:10.2307/j.ctt45kddd.6. ISBN 978-90-8964-239-4. JSTOR j.ctt45kddd.6. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  14. Brentjes, Sonja; Hogendijk, Jan P (1989-11-01). "Notes on Thabit ibn Qurra and his rule for amicable numbers". Historia Mathematica. 16 (4): 373–378. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(89)90084-0. ISSN 0315-0860.
  15. Masood, Ehsad (2009). Science and Islam A History. Icon Books Ltd. pp. 48–49.
  16. Smith, David Eugen (1925). History of Mathematics, Volume II. p. 685.
  17. Aydin Sayili (Mar 1960). "Thâbit ibn Qurra's Generalization of the Pythagorean Theorem". Isis. 51 (1): 35–37. doi:10.1086/348837. JSTOR 227603. S2CID 119868978.
  18. Sayili, Aydin (1960). "Thâbit ibn Qurra's Generalization of the Pythagorean Theorem". Isis. 51 (1): 35–37. doi:10.1086/348837. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 227603. S2CID 119868978.
  19. Sabra, A. I. (1968). "Thābit Ibn Qurra on Euclid's Parallels Postulate". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 31: 12–32. doi:10.2307/750634. ISSN 0075-4390. JSTOR 750634. S2CID 195056568.
  20. Mohammed Abattouy (2001). "Greek Mechanics in Arabic Context: Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Isfizarı and the Arabic Traditions of Aristotelian and Euclidean Mechanics", Science in Context 14, p. 205-206. Cambridge University Press.
  21. Holme 2010.
  22. Abattouy, Mohammed (June 2001). "Greek Mechanics in Arabic Context: Thābit ibn Qurra, al-Isfizārī and the Arabic Traditions of Aristotelian and Euclidean Mechanics". Science in Context. 14 (1–2): 179–247. doi:10.1017/s0269889701000084. ISSN 0269-8897. S2CID 145604399.
  23. Van Brummelen, Glen (2010-01-26). "Review of "On the Sector-Figure and Related Texts"". MAA Reviews. Retrieved 2017-05-12.

Sources used



Further reading





На других языках


[de] Thabit ibn Qurra

Abu l-Hasan Thabit ibn Qurra ibn Marwan as-Sabi' al-Harrani, auch Tābit ibn Qurra (* 826[1] in Ḥarrān; † 18. Februar 901 in Bagdad; arabisch أبو الحسن ثابت بن قرة بن مروان الصابئ الحراني, DMG Abu l-Ḥasan Ṯābit b. Qurra b. Marwān aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-Ḥarrānī) war ein sabischer Mathematiker, Astronom, Astrologe, Magier, Physiker, Mediziner und Philosoph, der in Europa unter der latinisierten Form des Namens Thebit bekannt ist.
- [en] Thābit ibn Qurra

[es] Thábit ibn Qurra

Thábit ibn Qurra ibn Marwán al-Sabi al-Harrani (826,[1] Harrán, actual Turquía – 901, Bagdad). Su nombre indica que era procedente de la secta de los sabeos (en latín se denominaba a veces como Thebit). Destacó en su época como un gran astrónomo, matemático y musicólogo, y especialmente como un gran traductor en estas materias. Resulta sorprendente su gran conocimiento de idiomas, habilidad que le facilitó viajar muy a menudo por la mayoría de los países del Islam.

[ru] Сабит ибн Курра

Абуль-Хасан Сабит ибн Курра аль-Харрани́ (араб. ثابت بن قرة‎; 836, Харран — 18 февраля 901, Багдад) — астроном, математик, механик и врач IX века. В русской литературе также упоминается как Сабит ибн Корра или Табит ибн Курра[3]. В средневековой Европе его называли Thebit.



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